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  <head>
    <title>082-01 Membrane systems, organelles, protein trafficking, and cellular quality control</title>
    <ownerName>Integrated Medical Foundations</ownerName>
  </head>
  <body>
    <outline text="Membrane systems, organelles, and quality control">
      <outline text="Compartments and the plasma membrane">
        <outline text="Compartments run incompatible reactions together"/>
        <outline text="Selective transport keeps distinct compositions"/>
        <outline text="Wrong place, wrong time, or poor removal causes disease"/>
        <outline text="Fluid bilayer with asymmetric leaflets">
          <outline text="Phosphatidylserine normally on cytosolic leaflet"/>
          <outline text="Externalised: apoptosis mark, platelet coagulation"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Glycocalyx: protection, recognition, adhesion"/>
      </outline>
      <outline text="Membrane transport">
        <outline text="Small hydrophobic molecules diffuse through lipid"/>
        <outline text="Channels: rapid flow down gradients"/>
        <outline text="Carriers: facilitated diffusion or coupled transport"/>
        <outline text="Pumps use chemical energy to move solutes uphill"/>
        <outline text="Endocytosis and exocytosis are regulated"/>
      </outline>
      <outline text="Nucleus and condensates">
        <outline text="Separates transcription from translation"/>
        <outline text="Nuclear pores gate large molecules">
          <outline text="Receptors read localisation and export signals"/>
          <outline text="Ran cycle sets direction"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Euchromatin active, heterochromatin compact"/>
        <outline text="Lamina anchors chromatin and supports mechanics">
          <outline text="Lamin mutations: dystrophy, cardiomyopathy, early ageing"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Nucleolus assembles ribosomal subunits"/>
        <outline text="Phase separation concentrates without membrane">
          <outline text="Pathological persistence promotes aggregation"/>
        </outline>
      </outline>
      <outline text="Protein targeting and the endoplasmic reticulum">
        <outline text="Polypeptide signals set destination"/>
        <outline text="Signal-recognition particle docks ribosome at rough ER">
          <outline text="Synthesis resumes through translocon"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Folding, disulfide bonds, initial glycosylation"/>
        <outline text="Associated degradation of misfolded proteins">
          <outline text="Only assembled cargo exits to Golgi"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Unfolded-protein response">
          <outline text="Less translation, more chaperones, larger ER"/>
          <outline text="Failure: inflammation or apoptosis"/>
          <outline text="Secretory cells depend on it most"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Smooth ER: lipids, steroids, detoxification, calcium">
          <outline text="Sarcoplasmic reticulum controls contraction"/>
          <outline text="Hepatic expansion alters drug interactions"/>
        </outline>
      </outline>
      <outline text="Golgi, endosomes, and lysosomes">
        <outline text="Golgi remodels carbohydrate chains"/>
        <outline text="Trans-Golgi network sorts cargo"/>
        <outline text="Mannose-six-phosphate tags lysosomal enzymes">
          <outline text="Mistargeting: enzyme secreted, substrate stored"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Affected tissues set by load and vulnerability">
          <outline text="Neurons cannot dilute by division"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Early endosome acidity frees ligand">
          <outline text="Recycling restores responsiveness"/>
          <outline text="Lysosomal degradation limits signalling"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Pathogens and toxins exploit these routes"/>
      </outline>
      <outline text="Degradation: autophagy and proteasome">
        <outline text="Acid hydrolases digest macromolecules"/>
        <outline text="Autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes">
          <outline text="Basal removal, starvation recycling"/>
          <outline text="Selective forms such as mitophagy"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Polyubiquitin marks proteasome substrates">
          <outline text="Ubiquitin ligases confer specificity"/>
          <outline text="Controls signalling and cycle regulators"/>
          <outline text="Peptides feed class one antigen presentation"/>
        </outline>
      </outline>
      <outline text="Mitochondria and peroxisomes">
        <outline text="Also regulate metabolism, calcium, apoptosis"/>
        <outline text="Inner membrane cristae and proton pumping">
          <outline text="Adenosine triphosphate synthase uses the gradient"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Most proteins nuclear encoded and imported"/>
        <outline text="Fusion shares contents, fission removes damage">
          <outline text="High-energy tissues most affected"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Peroxisomes shorten very-long-chain fatty acids">
          <outline text="Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide"/>
          <outline text="Import includes fully folded proteins"/>
        </outline>
      </outline>
      <outline text="Contact sites, trafficking, and secretion">
        <outline text="Contact sites exchange lipids, calcium, signals"/>
        <outline text="Organelles form a network, not isolated bags"/>
        <outline text="Coats bend membranes and select cargo"/>
        <outline text="Rabs specify identity, SNAREs drive fusion"/>
        <outline text="Constitutive versus regulated secretion">
          <outline text="Calcium often triggers regulated release"/>
          <outline text="Membrane retrieved and reused after fusion"/>
        </outline>
      </outline>
      <outline text="Integrated quality control">
        <outline text="Repairable damage versus irrecoverable failure"/>
        <outline text="Successful compensation: adaptation"/>
        <outline text="Failure: senescence, apoptosis, necrosis"/>
      </outline>
    </outline>
  </body>
</opml>
