<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<opml version="2.0">
  <head>
    <title>075-03 Sectional anatomy, imaging conventions, and three-dimensional localisation</title>
    <ownerName>Integrated Medical Foundations</ownerName>
  </head>
  <body>
    <outline text="Sectional and imaging anatomy">
      <outline text="Imaging principles">
        <outline text="Sampled representations from physical signals"/>
        <outline text="Check identity, indication, orientation, quality"/>
        <outline text="Modalities show tissue properties, not anatomy"/>
      </outline>
      <outline text="Three dimensions from orthogonal planes">
        <outline text="Follow structures across contiguous slices">
          <outline text="Curved vessel: circle, oval, or tube"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Multiplanar and curved reformats"/>
        <outline text="Maximum-intensity projection hides overlap"/>
        <outline text="Volume rendering depends on threshold"/>
        <outline text="Partial-volume averaging">
          <outline text="Obscures small lesions"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Slice thickness: detail versus noise"/>
        <outline text="Artefacts mimic or hide disease"/>
      </outline>
      <outline text="Projection radiography">
        <outline text="Attenuation projected onto a detector">
          <outline text="Dense material white, air dark"/>
          <outline text="Depth collapsed, soft tissues overlap"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Posteroanterior view reduces cardiac magnification"/>
        <outline text="Assess technical adequacy first"/>
        <outline text="Two perpendicular views localise"/>
        <outline text="Silhouette sign">
          <outline text="Right heart border: right middle lobe"/>
          <outline text="Hemidiaphragm: lower lobe"/>
        </outline>
      </outline>
      <outline text="CT signal, windows, and contrast">
        <outline text="Hounsfield units: air about minus 1000, water 0">
          <outline text="Values vary with scanner and tissue mixture"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Window width sets range, level sets centre">
          <outline text="A finding may show on one window only"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Contrast phases answer different questions">
          <outline text="Enhancement reflects flow, leakage, timing"/>
          <outline text="Non-contrast first for haemorrhage, stones"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="CT angiography needs a timed bolus"/>
        <outline text="Ionising radiation">
          <outline text="Deterministic: threshold, severity rises"/>
          <outline text="Stochastic: probability rises"/>
          <outline text="Effective dose is a population comparison"/>
          <outline text="Children: size-adjusted protocols"/>
          <outline text="Justify and optimise exposure"/>
        </outline>
      </outline>
      <outline text="MRI contrast">
        <outline text="Hydrogen nuclei, radiofrequency, relaxation">
          <outline text="Brightness has no universal meaning"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="T1: fat bright, fluid dark"/>
        <outline text="T2: free water bright, shows oedema"/>
        <outline text="FLAIR suppresses cerebrospinal fluid"/>
        <outline text="Diffusion: restricted water motion">
          <outline text="ADC separates true restriction from shine-through"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Susceptibility: blood, iron, calcification, air"/>
        <outline text="Gadolinium enhancement is not malignancy"/>
        <outline text="Safety screening: implants, heating, projectiles"/>
      </outline>
      <outline text="Ultrasound as real-time anatomy">
        <outline text="Fluid anechoic, bone and air reflect"/>
        <outline text="Frequency: penetration versus resolution"/>
        <outline text="Probe markers define the plane">
          <outline text="Confirm local conventions"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Enhancement, shadowing, reverberation"/>
        <outline text="Anisotropy darkens tendons and nerves"/>
        <outline text="Doppler measures motion by frequency shift">
          <outline text="Colour is not artery versus vein"/>
          <outline text="Angle, aliasing, scale affect reading"/>
        </outline>
      </outline>
      <outline text="Nuclear and hybrid imaging">
        <outline text="Tracers linked to physiological processes"/>
        <outline text="SPECT gamma rays, PET paired photons"/>
        <outline text="Lower resolution, high functional sensitivity"/>
        <outline text="High uptake is not synonymous with cancer"/>
        <outline text="Low uptake: necrosis, size, timing"/>
        <outline text="Hybrid registration can be imperfect"/>
        <outline text="Standardised uptake values are not absolute"/>
      </outline>
      <outline text="Reproducible search pattern">
        <outline text="Confirm patient, side, phase, comparisons"/>
        <outline text="Do not search only for the suspected diagnosis"/>
        <outline text="Review the whole field in consistent order"/>
        <outline text="Describe features systematically">
          <outline text="Separate observation from interpretation"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="Variants and postoperative change mimic disease"/>
        <outline text="Incidental findings need a responsible clinician"/>
      </outline>
      <outline text="Images and living anatomy">
        <outline text="Supine position changes relations"/>
        <outline text="Dynamic imaging shows reflux and motion"/>
        <outline text="Findings must fit symptoms and examination">
          <outline text="Early disease occult, age changes silent"/>
        </outline>
        <outline text="The patient is the reference anatomy"/>
      </outline>
    </outline>
  </body>
</opml>
