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IMF-102-03-0001-en	Why are the cells in one treated culture dish subsamples rather than independent replicates?	The experimental unit is the smallest independently assigned entity, and the whole dish received the treatment; counting its cells as replicates creates pseudoreplication and false precision.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 102, TTS module 3; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 08e96fbf4d5b2887a451dd32e80a5e89b9ca6272d8023597c4bdb8331ad324ab; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::102 module::102-03 review::pending
IMF-102-03-0002-en	Why is assigning animals by alternation or cage position not an adequate substitute for randomisation?	Such assignment is predictable and can remain confounded, whereas an implemented and recorded chance process protects against systematic baseline differences on average.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 102, TTS module 3; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 08e96fbf4d5b2887a451dd32e80a5e89b9ca6272d8023597c4bdb8331ad324ab; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::102 module::102-03 review::pending
IMF-102-03-0003-en	Why should blinding be assessed rather than assumed, and does automated analysis remove the need for it?	Visible phenotypes or adverse effects can break blinding; automated analysis reduces some discretion but inherits thresholds and training choices made by people.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 102, TTS module 3; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 08e96fbf4d5b2887a451dd32e80a5e89b9ca6272d8023597c4bdb8331ad324ab; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::102 module::102-03 review::pending
IMF-102-03-0004-en	Why does a failed positive control make a negative experimental result uninterpretable?	The positive control shows that the system can produce and detect an expected response; without it, no effect cannot be distinguished from a system unable to detect one.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 102, TTS module 3; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 08e96fbf4d5b2887a451dd32e80a5e89b9ca6272d8023597c4bdb8331ad324ab; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::102 module::102-03 review::pending
IMF-102-03-0005-en	What does a crossover design gain, what does it require, and what violates its assumptions?	Each subject receives several conditions, reducing between-subject variation, but this requires stable disease and adequate washout; carryover or irreversible effects violate it.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 102, TTS module 3; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 08e96fbf4d5b2887a451dd32e80a5e89b9ca6272d8023597c4bdb8331ad324ab; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::102 module::102-03 review::pending
IMF-102-03-0006-en	What does preregistration achieve if it cannot guarantee study quality?	It time-stamps hypotheses and planned analyses, making selective change detectable; legitimate deviations should then be reported with reasons rather than concealed.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 102, TTS module 3; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 08e96fbf4d5b2887a451dd32e80a5e89b9ca6272d8023597c4bdb8331ad324ab; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::102 module::102-03 review::pending
IMF-102-03-0007-en	Why does repeating only the failed-looking samples from one group bias a result?	It gives that group a differential opportunity for a favourable result; acceptance criteria should be defined before group differences are seen.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 102, TTS module 3; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 08e96fbf4d5b2887a451dd32e80a5e89b9ca6272d8023597c4bdb8331ad324ab; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::102 module::102-03 review::pending
IMF-102-03-0008-en	What distinguishes direct from conceptual replication, and when does a failure to reproduce demand investigation?	Direct replication repeats conditions; conceptual replication tests the same claim by another method. Exact agreement is not expected in living systems, but unexplained direction reversal requires investigation.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 102, TTS module 3; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 08e96fbf4d5b2887a451dd32e80a5e89b9ca6272d8023597c4bdb8331ad324ab; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::102 module::102-03 review::pending
IMF-102-03-0009-en	When is adjusting an image's brightness or contrast acceptable, and what makes image processing misrepresent evidence?	Uniform adjustment can be appropriate if it neither hides nor creates features and the original is kept; selective alteration, moving bands or combining fields without clear boundaries misrepresent evidence.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 102, TTS module 3; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 08e96fbf4d5b2887a451dd32e80a5e89b9ca6272d8023597c4bdb8331ad324ab; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::102 module::102-03 review::pending
IMF-102-03-0010-en	Why does independent ethical review evaluate a study's scientific value?	Exposing people in an uninformative study is itself unethical, so scientific value is part of judging whether the balance of benefit and harm is favourable.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 102, TTS module 3; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 08e96fbf4d5b2887a451dd32e80a5e89b9ca6272d8023597c4bdb8331ad324ab; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::102 module::102-03 review::pending
IMF-102-03-0011-en	Why does replacing names with codes not make genomic data anonymous?	Coding only replaces direct identifiers; rich genomic or linked data can still be re-identified, with risk depending on data detail, linkage, access and future technology.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 102, TTS module 3; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 08e96fbf4d5b2887a451dd32e80a5e89b9ca6272d8023597c4bdb8331ad324ab; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::102 module::102-03 review::pending
IMF-102-03-0012-en	Why does the principle of reduction not simply mean using as few animals as possible?	Reduction seeks adequate information from the fewest animals; an underpowered study that cannot answer its question wastes the animals it uses.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 102, TTS module 3; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 08e96fbf4d5b2887a451dd32e80a5e89b9ca6272d8023597c4bdb8331ad324ab; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::102 module::102-03 review::pending
IMF-102-03-0013-en	What does a biological safety cabinet protect, and why can it not be used in place of a chemical fume hood?	Used correctly, its controlled airflow protects product, worker and environment, but it is not a chemical fume hood; volatile chemicals are controlled by a fume hood with correct sash and airflow.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 102, TTS module 3; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 08e96fbf4d5b2887a451dd32e80a5e89b9ca6272d8023597c4bdb8331ad324ab; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::102 module::102-03 review::pending
IMF-102-03-0014-en	Why are laboratory incidents seldom explained by one careless person, and why are near misses valuable?	Incidents usually arise when system weaknesses such as fatigue, clutter, unclear ownership and normalised workarounds align; near misses reveal these if reporting is safe and leads to change.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 102, TTS module 3; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 08e96fbf4d5b2887a451dd32e80a5e89b9ca6272d8023597c4bdb8331ad324ab; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::102 module::102-03 review::pending