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IMF-091-02-0001-en	What does phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase two carboxyl-terminal domain accomplish?	It promotes escape of the positioned polymerase from the promoter into elongation and recruits RNA-processing factors to the nascent transcript.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 91, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 1ef4d52cc5eb8284a183e7dc8f174193c475440fec1bdfe0ad50769d981d2487; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::091 module::091-02 review::pending
IMF-091-02-0002-en	How can a noncoding variant cause disease without changing protein sequence?	Enhancers act on promoters over long distances through factor binding, looping and coactivators, and genes use tissue- or stage-specific regulatory elements, so a variant can alter quantity, timing or cellular location of expression.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 91, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 1ef4d52cc5eb8284a183e7dc8f174193c475440fec1bdfe0ad50769d981d2487; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::091 module::091-02 review::pending
IMF-091-02-0003-en	What is the purpose of promoter-proximal pausing of RNA polymerase?	It keeps developmental or stress genes poised so that transcription can be released rapidly when needed.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 91, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 1ef4d52cc5eb8284a183e7dc8f174193c475440fec1bdfe0ad50769d981d2487; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::091 module::091-02 review::pending
IMF-091-02-0004-en	Why does early addition of the seven-methylguanosine cap matter for a messenger RNA?	The cap protects the RNA, recruits processing and export factors, later supports translation initiation, and its complexes help distinguish proper polymerase-two transcripts from damaged RNA.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 91, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 1ef4d52cc5eb8284a183e7dc8f174193c475440fec1bdfe0ad50769d981d2487; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::091 module::091-02 review::pending
IMF-091-02-0005-en	Splicing joins exons without direct ATP use for bond chemistry. Why, and where is energy still needed?	Two transesterification reactions exchange existing bonds, forming a lariat intron and joining exons; energy is used for spliceosome assembly and remodelling.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 91, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 1ef4d52cc5eb8284a183e7dc8f174193c475440fec1bdfe0ad50769d981d2487; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::091 module::091-02 review::pending
IMF-091-02-0006-en	How can a synonymous or deep intronic variant be pathogenic, and why is proving it difficult?	It can disrupt a splicing enhancer, create a cryptic site or introduce a pseudoexon; proof needs RNA from relevant tissue, and accessible blood may express the transcript poorly or not at all.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 91, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 1ef4d52cc5eb8284a183e7dc8f174193c475440fec1bdfe0ad50769d981d2487; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::091 module::091-02 review::pending
IMF-091-02-0007-en	How does alternative polyadenylation change what a gene produces?	Choosing a different cleavage site changes the three-prime untranslated region or coding sequence, altering microRNA sites, localisation and the protein product.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 91, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 1ef4d52cc5eb8284a183e7dc8f174193c475440fec1bdfe0ad50769d981d2487; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::091 module::091-02 review::pending
IMF-091-02-0008-en	Why is regulated messenger-RNA stability central to immune responses?	AU-rich elements and their bound proteins control inflammatory and growth transcripts, and changing stability alters protein output faster than new transcription.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 91, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 1ef4d52cc5eb8284a183e7dc8f174193c475440fec1bdfe0ad50769d981d2487; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::091 module::091-02 review::pending
IMF-091-02-0009-en	How can nonsense-mediated decay determine whether a premature stop codon causes simple loss or a dominant-negative effect?	Decay degrades many transcripts with premature stops, so the variant causes loss rather than abnormal protein; transcripts that escape decay can make dominant-negative or toxic truncated products.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 91, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 1ef4d52cc5eb8284a183e7dc8f174193c475440fec1bdfe0ad50769d981d2487; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::091 module::091-02 review::pending
IMF-091-02-0010-en	Why are neurons particularly harmed by defects in nonstop, no-go and ribosome-associated quality control?	These systems link RNA surveillance to protein homeostasis, and long-lived neurons depend on accurate local translation and disposal of faulty products.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 91, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 1ef4d52cc5eb8284a183e7dc8f174193c475440fec1bdfe0ad50769d981d2487; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::091 module::091-02 review::pending
IMF-091-02-0011-en	How does adenosine-to-inosine editing change a transcript's meaning, and how does it differ from mutation?	ADAR converts adenosine to inosine, which is read as guanosine, altering coding, splicing, structure and immune recognition; the change is in RNA, not the genome, and can be tissue specific.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 91, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 1ef4d52cc5eb8284a183e7dc8f174193c475440fec1bdfe0ad50769d981d2487; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::091 module::091-02 review::pending
IMF-091-02-0012-en	How do microRNAs and small interfering RNAs differ in how they silence targets?	MicroRNAs pair mainly through the seed region, usually lowering translation or promoting decay of many targets modestly; small interfering RNAs often pair extensively and guide Argonaute to cleave the target.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 91, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 1ef4d52cc5eb8284a183e7dc8f174193c475440fec1bdfe0ad50769d981d2487; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::091 module::091-02 review::pending
IMF-091-02-0013-en	Why is expression or conservation of a long noncoding RNA insufficient to prove it matters?	Although some, such as XIST in dosage compensation, clearly act, many annotated long RNAs have uncertain function, so biological importance needs more than detection.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 91, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 1ef4d52cc5eb8284a183e7dc8f174193c475440fec1bdfe0ad50769d981d2487; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::091 module::091-02 review::pending
IMF-091-02-0014-en	How do stress granules and processing bodies differ in function?	Both are membraneless RNA-protein condensates; stress granules temporarily sequester translation components, while processing bodies contain decay factors.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 91, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 1ef4d52cc5eb8284a183e7dc8f174193c475440fec1bdfe0ad50769d981d2487; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::091 module::091-02 review::pending