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IMF-087-01-0001-en	Biomolecules obey ordinary chemistry, so why do cells behave as organised non-equilibrium systems?	Aqueous environments, molecular crowding, compartmentalisation, catalysts, and continuous energy input together organise reactions into non-equilibrium systems.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0002-en	What property of carbon makes it suited to building diverse biomolecules?	Carbon forms four covalent bonds, so it can build chains, rings, branches, double bonds, and stereoisomers.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0003-en	How can hydrogen bonds be individually weak yet stabilise water, protein and nucleic-acid structure?	They form in large numbers between partial charges and act collectively, giving strong stabilisation while each remains reversible at physiological temperature.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0004-en	Why can an ionic interaction between charged groups vary greatly in strength?	Ionic interactions depend strongly on the surrounding water, the salt concentration, and the distance between the charges.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0005-en	When do van der Waals forces become important, and why?	They arise from transient or induced dipoles, so they become important when molecular surfaces fit closely together.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0006-en	Why is the hydrophobic effect not a special bond between nonpolar molecules?	It emerges from water and entropy, which drive nonpolar groups away from water; this promotes membrane formation and protein folding.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0007-en	What makes water an excellent solvent for ions and polar molecules?	Water forms hydration shells around them and has a high dielectric constant.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0008-en	How do water's physical properties help stabilise temperature?	Its cohesion, heat capacity, and heat of vaporisation stabilise temperature and enable evaporative cooling.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0009-en	In which solutions does activity rather than ideal concentration govern chemical behaviour?	In non-ideal solutions, especially at high ionic strength, where ideal concentration no longer predicts behaviour and activity determines it.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0010-en	Why can urea raise osmolarity yet contribute little to sustained tonicity?	Tonicity depends on nonpenetrating solutes, and urea crosses many membranes, so it causes little sustained change in cell volume.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0011-en	What does pKa tell you, and how does the Henderson–Hasselbalch relation use it?	pKa is the pH at which a conjugate pair are at equal concentration; the relation links pH to pKa and the base-to-acid ratio for an ideal weak-acid buffer.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0012-en	Why is bicarbonate a physiologically important buffer?	Carbon dioxide links it to the lungs and bicarbonate handling links it to the kidneys.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0013-en	Why does buffering alone not correct an acid load?	Buffers only accept or donate protons to resist pH change; they do not remove acid from the body, which requires excretion or metabolism.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0014-en	How does an acidic environment influence whether a weak acid crosses a lipid membrane?	Acidity keeps a weak acid more protonated, and uncharged forms generally cross lipid membranes readily, although transporters can override this rule.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0015-en	How do cells use the free energy released by electron transfer without losing it as heat?	They pair appropriate donors and acceptors and capture the released energy in carriers and gradients rather than allowing uncontrolled heat release.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0016-en	What does a negative Gibbs free-energy change tell you, and what does it not?	It shows that forward progress is thermodynamically favoured but says nothing about rate; enzymes speed the approach to equilibrium without shifting it.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0017-en	How can cells drive a thermodynamically unfavourable reaction?	Actual free energy depends on reactant and product concentrations, and coupling to a favourable reaction such as adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis drives it forward.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0018-en	Why do humans digest starch but not cellulose efficiently?	Digestive enzymes are specific for the orientation of the glycosidic bond, so they act on starch but not efficiently on cellulose.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0019-en	How does glycogen's branched structure suit rapid fuel handling?	Alpha one-to-six branch points on alpha one-to-four chains create many ends where glucose can be added or removed rapidly.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0020-en	Why do cis and trans double bonds affect membrane fluidity differently?	Cis double bonds bend the chain and increase fluidity, whereas trans configurations pack more like saturated chains.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0021-en	Why are triacylglycerols an efficient form of energy storage?	With three fatty acids esterified to glycerol, they store concentrated energy without associated water.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0022-en	What is the structural consequence of the peptide bond's partial double-bond character?	It restricts rotation around the bond, constraining the polypeptide backbone.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0023-en	In nucleic acids, what do base pairing and base stacking each contribute?	Hydrogen-bonded base pairing gives sequence-specific complementarity, while stacking interactions strongly stabilise the structure.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending
IMF-087-01-0024-en	If condensation is formally the reverse of hydrolysis, how do cells actually synthesise polymers?	Rather than reversing spontaneous hydrolysis, they activate monomers with energy-rich intermediates and use enzymes to control sequence and direction.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 87, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 8c9d2e995136612fce0a593ee206bd8095c729f90dc42951a095c82b33f7d36c; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::087 module::087-01 review::pending