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IMF-086-02-0001-en	How does gastric rotation explain the positions of the vagal trunks?	Rotation around the longitudinal axis moves the stomach's left side anteriorly and its right side posteriorly, which explains the anterior and posterior positions of the vagal trunks.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 86, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: dbfe0054cb413e933b7465de4f7e1b15b3c887aa2ae8356051b0c3feffe33a84; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::086 module::086-02 review::pending
IMF-086-02-0002-en	How does duodenal atresia arise, and why does the level of obstruction relative to the bile-duct opening matter?	The duodenal epithelium temporarily occludes the lumen, and failed recanalisation produces stenosis or atresia; obstruction proximal or distal to the bile-duct opening changes the character of vomiting.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 86, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: dbfe0054cb413e933b7465de4f7e1b15b3c887aa2ae8356051b0c3feffe33a84; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::086 module::086-02 review::pending
IMF-086-02-0003-en	What distinguishes the developmental mechanisms of pancreas divisum and annular pancreas?	Pancreas divisum results when the ventral and dorsal buds fail to fuse after duodenal rotation, whereas bifid ventral tissue encircling the duodenum forms annular pancreas and can obstruct it.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 86, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: dbfe0054cb413e933b7465de4f7e1b15b3c887aa2ae8356051b0c3feffe33a84; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::086 module::086-02 review::pending
IMF-086-02-0004-en	Why does the midgut herniate into the umbilical cord, and how does it rotate?	Rapid elongation with limited abdominal space causes physiological herniation; the loop rotates about the superior mesenteric artery counterclockwise, ninety degrees while herniated and 180 on return, about 270 in total.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 86, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: dbfe0054cb413e933b7465de4f7e1b15b3c887aa2ae8356051b0c3feffe33a84; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::086 module::086-02 review::pending
IMF-086-02-0005-en	Why does intestinal malrotation predispose to volvulus?	Abnormal rotation and fixation leave an abnormal mesenteric base, which predisposes to volvulus or obstructing peritoneal bands.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 86, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: dbfe0054cb413e933b7465de4f7e1b15b3c887aa2ae8356051b0c3feffe33a84; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::086 module::086-02 review::pending
IMF-086-02-0006-en	What distinguishes omphalocele from gastroschisis in mechanism and covering?	Omphalocele is failure of herniated bowel to return and is covered by membrane at the cord base, often with other anomalies; gastroschisis is a paraumbilical wall defect with uncovered bowel and a different association pattern.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 86, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: dbfe0054cb413e933b7465de4f7e1b15b3c887aa2ae8356051b0c3feffe33a84; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::086 module::086-02 review::pending
IMF-086-02-0007-en	How does abnormal cloacal partition produce anorectal malformations with fistulas?	The urorectal septum normally divides the cloaca into anorectal canal and urogenital sinus before the cloacal membrane breaks down; abnormal partition or membrane persistence leaves malformations and fistulas to urinary or genital tracts.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 86, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: dbfe0054cb413e933b7465de4f7e1b15b3c887aa2ae8356051b0c3feffe33a84; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::086 module::086-02 review::pending
IMF-086-02-0008-en	Why does the pectinate line predict the epithelium, blood supply, venous and lymphatic drainage, and sensory innervation of the anal canal?	It marks the junction between the endodermal upper canal, supplied by inferior mesenteric circulation, and the ectodermal proctodeum below, supplied by internal iliac branches.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 86, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: dbfe0054cb413e933b7465de4f7e1b15b3c887aa2ae8356051b0c3feffe33a84; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::086 module::086-02 review::pending
IMF-086-02-0009-en	Why does failed migration of enteric neural crest cause functional obstruction with proximal dilation?	Enteric neural crest must migrate along the whole gut; if it fails distally, the bowel is left aganglionic, producing functional obstruction and dilation proximal to it.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 86, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: dbfe0054cb413e933b7465de4f7e1b15b3c887aa2ae8356051b0c3feffe33a84; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::086 module::086-02 review::pending
IMF-086-02-0010-en	Why is the diaphragm supplied by the phrenic nerves, and why are most congenital defects posterolateral?	Its motor innervation follows cervical myoblasts through the phrenic nerves, and incomplete pleuroperitoneal closure most often leaves a posterolateral defect through which abdominal organs enter the thorax.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 86, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: dbfe0054cb413e933b7465de4f7e1b15b3c887aa2ae8356051b0c3feffe33a84; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::086 module::086-02 review::pending
IMF-086-02-0011-en	What distinguishes the derivatives of the ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme, and what follows failed induction?	The ureteric bud forms ureter, renal pelvis, calyces and collecting ducts, while metanephric mesenchyme forms nephrons from Bowman's capsule to distal tubule; failed reciprocal induction causes renal agenesis.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 86, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: dbfe0054cb413e933b7465de4f7e1b15b3c887aa2ae8356051b0c3feffe33a84; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::086 module::086-02 review::pending
IMF-086-02-0012-en	Why does a horseshoe kidney lie lower than normal kidneys?	Kidneys begin in the pelvis and appear to ascend; when the lower poles fuse, the ascent of the fused kidney is arrested beneath the inferior mesenteric artery.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 86, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: dbfe0054cb413e933b7465de4f7e1b15b3c887aa2ae8356051b0c3feffe33a84; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::086 module::086-02 review::pending
IMF-086-02-0013-en	How do Sertoli and Leydig cell hormones determine which genital ducts and structures develop in the male?	Sertoli anti-Müllerian hormone causes paramesonephric-duct regression, while Leydig testosterone supports mesonephric derivatives and is converted locally to dihydrotestosterone for external genital development.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 86, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: dbfe0054cb413e933b7465de4f7e1b15b3c887aa2ae8356051b0c3feffe33a84; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::086 module::086-02 review::pending
IMF-086-02-0014-en	How do the apical ectodermal ridge and zone of polarising activity pattern the limb?	The apical ectodermal ridge maintains proximal-to-distal outgrowth through fibroblast growth factors, while the posterior zone of polarising activity patterns the thumb-to-little-finger axis through sonic hedgehog.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 86, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: dbfe0054cb413e933b7465de4f7e1b15b3c887aa2ae8356051b0c3feffe33a84; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::086 module::086-02 review::pending