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IMF-084-01-0001-en	Why does ischaemia rapidly impair cardiomyocyte function?	Cardiomyocytes have abundant mitochondria and a high capillary density reflecting continuous aerobic demand, so loss of perfusion quickly impairs contraction and membrane integrity.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0002-en	How does the cardiac fibrous skeleton determine the route by which impulses reach the ventricles?	Its dense connective tissue electrically insulates atrial from ventricular muscle, so conduction can pass only through the atrioventricular conduction bundle.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0003-en	How is the matrix of a valve leaflet adapted to repeated mechanical loading?	Within the endothelial-covered fold, collagen-rich layers bear load, proteoglycan-rich matrix cushions, and elastic components accommodate cyclic deformation.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0004-en	What histological features distinguish nodal cardiomyocytes from Purkinje fibres?	Nodal cells are small with fewer myofibrils, set in connective tissue and supplied by autonomic nerves; Purkinje fibres are large, pale, glycogen-rich cells beneath endocardium that conduct rapidly.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0005-en	Why do large vessels need vasa vasorum when small vessels do not?	Small vessel walls are nourished by diffusion from the lumen, but the outer walls of large vessels require their own microcirculation, carried in the adventitia.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0006-en	How do elastic arteries maintain blood flow during diastole?	Their media of fenestrated elastic lamellae expands in systole and stores energy; elastic recoil then sustains diastolic flow, buffering pulsatile cardiac output.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0007-en	Why is the internal elastic lamina prominent in muscular arteries but indistinct in elastic arteries?	In elastic arteries numerous elastic sheets fill the media, so no single lamina stands out; muscular arteries have a smooth-muscle media with a distinct wavy internal elastic lamina.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0008-en	In which layer does atherosclerosis principally develop, and how does it affect the artery?	It develops principally in the intima, where lipid, inflammatory cells, smooth muscle, matrix, calcification, and thrombosis can distort the lumen and media.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0009-en	How do hyaline and hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis differ, and how do both damage organs?	Hyaline lesions are homogeneous wall thickening in hypertension and diabetes; hyperplastic lesions are concentric smooth-muscle and basement-membrane proliferation in severe hypertension. Both cause chronic downstream ischaemia.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0010-en	How do fenestrated and sinusoidal capillaries differ in structure and location?	Fenestrated capillaries facilitate exchange in endocrine organs, intestinal mucosa, and kidney; sinusoidal capillaries have wide irregular lumina with discontinuities, in liver, spleen, and marrow.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0011-en	Why are postcapillary venules central to the inflammatory response?	They are the principal sites where leukocytes leave the circulation and where permeability increases during inflammation.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0012-en	Why is vessel shape an unreliable way to tell arteries from veins on a section?	Empty veins often collapse and arteries can be cut obliquely, so wall-to-lumen ratio and layer composition are needed instead.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0013-en	How does nasal respiratory mucosa condition inspired air?	Its vascular lamina propria warms the air, while seromucous glands humidify it and trap particles.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0014-en	What distinguishes the true from the false vocal folds histologically?	True folds have non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium, few glands at the vibrating edge, and a layered lamina propria over vocalis muscle; false folds retain respiratory epithelium and glands.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0015-en	How can chronic irritation remodel the tracheal lining?	It can increase goblet cells and replace ciliated columnar epithelium with stratified squamous metaplasia.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0016-en	How can the course of pulmonary vessels help orient a lung section?	Pulmonary arteries accompany bronchi, whereas pulmonary veins run more independently in interlobular septa.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0017-en	Why are club cells important in the distal airways?	These dome-shaped non-ciliated cells increase distally and contribute secretory proteins, detoxification, surfactant components, and epithelial renewal.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0018-en	How does destruction of the alveolar elastic framework lead to expiratory airway collapse?	Elastic recoil drives passive expiration and maintains small-airway patency, so its loss causes emphysematous enlargement and collapse during expiration.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0019-en	Why are type two pneumocytes central to alveolar repair despite covering little surface area?	They are more numerous than type one cells, secrete surfactant from lamellar bodies, and replace both alveolar epithelial cell types after injury.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0020-en	How does surfactant deficiency lead to impaired gas exchange?	Surfactant lowers surface tension and stabilises alveoli of different sizes, so deficiency or inactivation promotes alveolar collapse and impairs gas exchange.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0021-en	How do oedema and emphysema impair diffusion by different mechanisms?	Diffusion depends on surface area and barrier thickness; oedema thickens the air–blood barrier, whereas emphysema reduces the surface area.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0022-en	What is the benefit and the risk of interalveolar pores?	They permit collateral ventilation and movement of macrophages, but they can also spread infection.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0023-en	How do air or excess fluid in the pleural cavity compromise ventilation?	They separate the pleural layers that normally glide within a small lubricated cavity, mechanically compromising ventilation.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending
IMF-084-01-0024-en	What question organises the interpretation of abnormal cardiorespiratory histology?	Which compartment is abnormal, such as intima, media, myocardium, conduction tissue, airway, alveolar wall, interstitium, or pleura, because function follows directly from that location.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 84, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ac9b5a6a7e6c8938b4ea577797d5e2811c118377f7321bb7fa3f832117a12376; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::084 module::084-01 review::pending