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IMF-083-01-0001-en	Why must a histological section not be read as if it were the tissue itself?	It is a thin, processed sample seen in one plane, stain and magnification, so interpretation must first identify artefacts and orientation before relating cells, matrix, lumina, vessels and stroma.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0002-en	What trade-off distinguishes a frozen section from a routine paraffin section?	A frozen section can be made rapidly during surgery and preserves lipids and enzyme activity better, but its morphology is usually less crisp.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0003-en	Why do plasma cells and other protein-synthesising cells appear basophilic on haematoxylin and eosin?	Haematoxylin colours acidic structures such as nuclei and ribosome-rich cytoplasm blue-purple, so basophilia reflects their abundant nucleic acid.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0004-en	What does periodic acid–Schiff reveal, and how should special stains relate to routine morphology?	It highlights glycogen, neutral mucins, basement membranes and some organisms; special stains supplement morphological context rather than replace it.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0005-en	What distinguishes immunohistochemistry from in situ hybridisation?	Immunohistochemistry uses antibodies to localise proteins, whereas in situ hybridisation localises nucleic-acid sequences within tissue.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0006-en	How do transmission and scanning electron microscopy differ in what they show?	Transmission microscopy passes electrons through ultrathin tissue to reveal membranes, organelles, junctions, cilia, basement membranes and deposits, while scanning microscopy shows surface topography.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0007-en	Why does increasing magnification beyond the available resolution reveal no further detail?	Resolution, set by numerical aperture and wavelength, determines whether close points can be distinguished; magnification beyond it merely produces a larger blur.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0008-en	Why can the same tubular gland appear circular, oval, elongated or even solid on a slide?	Sectioning converts three-dimensional structures into two-dimensional profiles, so the plane of cut sets the outline, and a plane that misses the lumen makes the gland look solid.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0009-en	How can preparation artefacts imitate pathology, and what helps separate them from real biology?	Shrinkage creates spaces, folds mimic thickening, crushed cells look hyperchromatic and pigment or precipitate imitates deposits; relationships that stay consistent across the section indicate biology.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0010-en	Epithelia are avascular. How do their cells obtain nutrients?	By diffusion from the underlying connective tissue; the polarised cells themselves attach to a basement membrane.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0011-en	Why does pseudostratified epithelium look multilayered even though it is not stratified?	Its nuclei lie at different heights, giving a layered appearance, yet every cell still contacts the basement membrane.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0012-en	Why is simple squamous epithelium the lining of alveoli and blood vessels?	Its single flat layer minimises diffusion distance, which suits exchange surfaces such as alveoli and vessels.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0013-en	Why is endothelium described as an active organ rather than a passive sheet?	It regulates permeability, thrombosis, inflammation, vascular tone and new-vessel formation throughout the body.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0014-en	How does the epithelium of the conducting airway clear inhaled particles?	Goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium supply mucus that traps particles, and coordinated cilia move it toward the pharynx.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0015-en	How does keratinised stratified squamous epithelium differ functionally from the non-keratinised form?	Its surface layer of dead, keratin-filled cells limits water loss and resists mechanical and microbial injury, whereas non-keratinised epithelium lines moist surfaces such as mouth, oesophagus and vagina.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0016-en	How does urothelium combine distensibility with an unusually impermeable barrier?	Superficial umbrella cells change shape as the organ stretches, so apparent layer number varies, while apical membrane plaques and tight junctions resist urine.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0017-en	What distinguishes microvilli and stereocilia from motile cilia in structure and function?	Microvilli and stereocilia are actin-based projections, microvilli enlarging surface area as a brush border, whereas motile cilia contain microtubules and generate fluid movement.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0018-en	Why can both too much and too little goblet-cell mucus cause harm?	Hydrated mucins lubricate and protect, so deficient mucus compromises defence, while excess mucus, as with infection, inflammation or chronic irritation, can obstruct airways.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0019-en	What distinguishes exocrine from endocrine glands, given that both arise by epithelial downgrowth?	Exocrine glands retain a duct to a surface, whereas endocrine glands lose their ducts and release products toward the blood.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0020-en	What do the terms merocrine, apocrine and holocrine classify?	The release mechanism, not chemical composition: exocytosis without loss of cytoplasm, release of apical cytoplasm with product, and release of whole disintegrating cells.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0021-en	How can histology distinguish a protein-secreting cell from a steroid-secreting cell?	Protein-secreting cells show basal basophilia from rough endoplasmic reticulum, a pale Golgi region and apical granules; steroid cells show smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lipid droplets and tubular cristae.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0022-en	Why does the final secretion of pancreatic, salivary or sweat glands differ from the fluid first produced?	Their ducts do not merely conduct product but modify it by absorbing and secreting ions and water.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0023-en	Why is the basement membrane decisive in classifying an epithelial malignancy?	Breach of the basement membrane distinguishes invasive epithelial malignancy from carcinoma still confined above it.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending
IMF-083-01-0024-en	Why is metaplasia an adaptation with a cost?	Under severe or repeated injury, one mature epithelial programme is replaced by another better able to tolerate stress, but it may not perform the original function.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 83, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 96c2752fe2eb07d6cd40032402a600b4c5523fd052cb781c92994993d14b8ccf; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::083 module::083-01 review::pending