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IMF-082-02-0001-en	How do the Arp two-three complex and formins differ, and how do profilin and cofilin let a cell remodel its cortex quickly?	The Arp two-three complex builds branched networks while formins favour long unbranched filaments; profilin promotes monomer addition and cofilin enhances turnover, allowing cortical remodelling within seconds.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 82, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ee0bfae798070682a1fa23be4564f64622e8d8fe58bd3990231a48dedc9c3f32; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::082 module::082-02 review::pending
IMF-082-02-0002-en	What drives microtubule catastrophe, and why is dynamic instability useful to the cell?	Guanosine-triphosphate-bound tubulin supports growth, loss of the stabilising cap triggers rapid catastrophe, and rescue restores growth; this cycling lets plus ends search for chromosomes, cortex, organelles, and adhesion sites.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 82, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ee0bfae798070682a1fa23be4564f64622e8d8fe58bd3990231a48dedc9c3f32; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::082 module::082-02 review::pending
IMF-082-02-0003-en	Why can defects in microtubule motors or microtubules cause distal axon degeneration?	Kinesins generally carry cargo toward plus ends and cytoplasmic dynein toward minus ends, and long neurons depend particularly on this bidirectional transport along axonal microtubules.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 82, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ee0bfae798070682a1fa23be4564f64622e8d8fe58bd3990231a48dedc9c3f32; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::082 module::082-02 review::pending
IMF-082-02-0004-en	How do motile and primary cilia differ, and why can one ciliary defect affect airways, fertility, and development together?	Motile cilia, usually nine-plus-two, turn dynein-driven sliding into beating that clears mucus and moves reproductive fluids; primary cilia, usually nine-plus-zero, act as sensory and signalling organelles.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 82, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ee0bfae798070682a1fa23be4564f64622e8d8fe58bd3990231a48dedc9c3f32; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::082 module::082-02 review::pending
IMF-082-02-0005-en	Why are intermediate filament types useful in diagnostic pathology, and what do their mutations cause?	Their expression is tissue specific, such as keratins in epithelia and vimentin in mesenchymal cells, revealing differentiation; as high-tensile fibres, their mutations make mechanically stressed tissues blister, weaken, or degenerate.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 82, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ee0bfae798070682a1fa23be4564f64622e8d8fe58bd3990231a48dedc9c3f32; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::082 module::082-02 review::pending
IMF-082-02-0006-en	What distinguishes cadherins from integrins as adhesion receptors?	Cadherins usually mediate calcium-dependent cell-to-cell adhesion, classical ones binding similar cadherins to sort tissues; integrins are heterodimers binding matrix or counter-receptors, with affinity regulated from outside and inside.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 82, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ee0bfae798070682a1fa23be4564f64622e8d8fe58bd3990231a48dedc9c3f32; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::082 module::082-02 review::pending
IMF-082-02-0007-en	How do adherens junctions, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes differ in their links, and why does this matter in blistering disease?	Adherens junctions link cadherins to actin, desmosomes link specialised cadherins to intermediate filaments, and hemidesmosomes anchor intermediate filaments to basement membrane; the complex targeted sets the level of tissue separation.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 82, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ee0bfae798070682a1fa23be4564f64622e8d8fe58bd3990231a48dedc9c3f32; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::082 module::082-02 review::pending
IMF-082-02-0008-en	How do tight junctions contribute both to epithelial barrier function and to polarity?	They seal the paracellular pathway, with claudins as major determinants of selective permeability, and they act as fences that preserve distinct apical and basolateral membrane domains.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 82, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ee0bfae798070682a1fa23be4564f64622e8d8fe58bd3990231a48dedc9c3f32; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::082 module::082-02 review::pending
IMF-082-02-0009-en	How do gap junctions synchronise cardiac and smooth muscle?	Connexin channels let ions pass directly between neighbouring cytoplasms, electrically coupling the cells so they act in synchrony.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 82, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ee0bfae798070682a1fa23be4564f64622e8d8fe58bd3990231a48dedc9c3f32; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::082 module::082-02 review::pending
IMF-082-02-0010-en	Why is the basement membrane significant in both tumour invasion and epithelial repair?	This sheet-like matrix compartmentalises tissues and guides regeneration, so invasion requires breaching it, whereas preserving the scaffold can facilitate orderly epithelial repair.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 82, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ee0bfae798070682a1fa23be4564f64622e8d8fe58bd3990231a48dedc9c3f32; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::082 module::082-02 review::pending
IMF-082-02-0011-en	How can the wound-healing programme of fibroblasts lead to fibrosis?	During healing, fibroblasts become contractile myofibroblasts that deposit matrix and close wounds; persistent injury maintains this programme, replacing functional tissue with scar.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 82, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ee0bfae798070682a1fa23be4564f64622e8d8fe58bd3990231a48dedc9c3f32; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::082 module::082-02 review::pending
IMF-082-02-0012-en	Why can loss of epithelial polarity impair tissue function even before gross destruction?	Vectorial transport in kidney tubules and intestine works only when channels and carriers sit on the correct apical or basolateral side, so polarity loss, an early feature of dysplasia, disrupts function early.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 82, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ee0bfae798070682a1fa23be4564f64622e8d8fe58bd3990231a48dedc9c3f32; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::082 module::082-02 review::pending
IMF-082-02-0013-en	How do protrusion, adhesion, contraction, and rear release combine to move a cell forward?	Actin polymerisation pushes lamellipodia or filopodia forward, new integrin adhesions couple them to matrix, actomyosin contraction moves the cell body, and rear adhesions disassemble, coordinated by Rho-family GTPases.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 82, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ee0bfae798070682a1fa23be4564f64622e8d8fe58bd3990231a48dedc9c3f32; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::082 module::082-02 review::pending
IMF-082-02-0014-en	Why do defects in leukocyte adhesion molecules cause immunodeficiency despite normal blood leukocyte numbers?	Crossing endothelium requires selectin-mediated rolling, chemokine-activated integrins binding endothelial ligands, and diapedesis, so without adhesion molecules circulating cells cannot reach infected tissue.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 82, TTS module 2; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: ee0bfae798070682a1fa23be4564f64622e8d8fe58bd3990231a48dedc9c3f32; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::082 module::082-02 review::pending