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IMF-062-01-0001-en	Why must failing organs in critical illness be managed as an interacting system rather than one at a time?	Organ failures interact: ventilation alters circulation, shock injures kidney and brain, inflammation changes drug handling, and immobility weakens respiratory muscles.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0002-en	When recognising critical illness, what should weigh more than a single score, and what should begin immediately?	Trends and clinician concern matter more than one score; airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure assessment begins while calling help and treating immediately reversible causes.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0003-en	Why should each form of monitoring in intensive care answer a specific question?	Lines, catheters, alarms, and blood draws themselves cause infection, thrombosis, anaemia, sleep disruption, and false intervention, so monitoring without a question adds harm.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0004-en	Why can a normal oxygen saturation fail to protect tissues in profound anaemia or low cardiac output?	Oxygen delivery is cardiac output times arterial oxygen content, and content is dominated by haemoglobin-bound oxygen, so saturation cannot offset too little haemoglobin or flow.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0005-en	Why is a raised lactate not a direct measure of inadequate oxygen delivery?	Besides sustained delivery imbalance, lactate also rises from adrenergic glycolysis, impaired clearance, drugs, seizure, and mitochondrial dysfunction.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0006-en	Why is oxygen titrated after the initial emergency rather than left at a high concentration?	Excess oxygen causes absorption atelectasis, oxidative injury, vasoconstriction, and hypercapnia in susceptible patients.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0007-en	How does heated high-flow nasal oxygen reduce the work of breathing?	It reduces dead-space rebreathing and provides modest distending pressure, which together decrease respiratory work.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0008-en	Why should pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas results both be read against the clinical trajectory?	Oximetry is distorted by perfusion, motion, skin pigmentation, dyshaemoglobins, nail products, and device limits; blood gas measures tensions and acid-base status but must be interpreted with the clinical course.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0009-en	What distinguishes continuous positive airway pressure from bilevel support in what each improves?	Continuous pressure recruits alveoli, improves oxygenation, and lowers left-ventricular afterload; bilevel support adds inspiratory assistance to improve ventilation.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0010-en	Why is a prolonged unsuccessful trial of non-invasive support harmful, and what signals failure?	It delays a definitive airway and increases harm; worsening acidosis, respiratory rate, oxygenation, effort, consciousness, or circulation signals failure.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0011-en	Which patient features make non-invasive respiratory support unsafe?	Inability to protect the airway, severe vomiting, a facial barrier, untreated pneumothorax, profound instability, or a need for immediate intubation.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0012-en	Why is intubation a physiological procedure, and why is hypotension corrected beforehand?	Positive pressure after intubation reduces venous return, so hypotension is corrected in anticipation; preparation also includes preoxygenation, position, suction, drugs, and backup airway.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0013-en	How does rapid-sequence induction reduce aspiration risk, and how is tube position confirmed?	An induction agent with a neuromuscular blocker enables prompt intubation, limiting aspiration time; tracheal placement is confirmed by sustained exhaled carbon dioxide.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0014-en	Which ventilator settings mainly control carbon dioxide and which support oxygenation, and does mode choice drive outcome?	Tidal volume and rate remove carbon dioxide; inspired oxygen and end-expiratory pressure support oxygenation. Outcome depends more on targets, synchrony, lung protection, and reassessment than mode name.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0015-en	Why is lung-protective tidal volume set from predicted rather than actual body weight?	Lung size follows height and sex-related anatomy rather than actual weight, so predicted weight matches tidal volume to the lung being ventilated.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0016-en	What limits the level of positive end-expiratory pressure used to prevent ventilator-induced lung injury?	Enough pressure is used to prevent alveolar collapse and repeated opening, but not so much that it causes unacceptable overdistension or haemodynamic compromise.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0017-en	What distinguishes acute respiratory distress syndrome from cardiogenic oedema, and which measure is used for severe disease?	It is acute inflammatory lung injury with bilateral opacities and hypoxaemia not fully explained by cardiac failure; prone positioning is used for severe disease.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0018-en	Permissive hypercapnia reduces ventilator stress. In which patients is it unsuitable?	In some patients with raised intracranial pressure, severe pulmonary vascular disease, or acid-base conditions that cannot tolerate a higher carbon dioxide.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0019-en	Why should the cause of agitation or poor ventilator synchrony be treated before sedation is escalated?	It may reflect pain, fear, delirium, tube discomfort, secretions, bronchospasm, acidosis, settings, or neurological injury; analgesia-first light sedation shortens ventilation and delirium.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0020-en	Why does passing a spontaneous-breathing trial not guarantee safe extubation?	The trial tests integrated breathing reserve, but upper-airway obstruction or poor secretion handling can still cause failure after the tube is removed.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0021-en	Why is a fluid challenge given with a defined dose, response, and stopping rule rather than guided by central venous pressure?	Static central venous pressure poorly predicts fluid responsiveness, and unnecessary fluid causes oedema, impaired gas exchange, raised abdominal pressure, and delayed recovery.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0022-en	What distinguishes the role of norepinephrine from that of an inotrope in shock?	Norepinephrine raises vascular tone in distributive shock with less tachycardia; inotropes raise contractility when low output persists despite adequate pressure and volume, at arrhythmia and oxygen-demand cost.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0023-en	Why is renal replacement therapy started for complications rather than a creatinine threshold, and why are diuretics not a substitute?	It treats refractory hyperkalaemia, acidosis, fluid overload, selected toxins, or uraemic complications; diuretics manage fluid overload but do not restore injured nephrons.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending
IMF-062-01-0024-en	Which factors worsen raised intracranial pressure, and what is the proper role of brief hyperventilation?	Hypoxia, hypotension, fever, seizure, venous obstruction, and extreme carbon dioxide worsen it; brief hyperventilation is only a rescue bridge for impending herniation, not routine therapy.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 62, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 640f9dc1ffe459cb3974f4e1eaf8a331c329d6b79869d5f09ab3437a0379b28f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::062 module::062-01 review::pending