#separator:Tab
#html:false
#tags column:5
IMF-055-01-0001-en	Why can eye symptoms reveal disease beyond the eye itself?	Vision depends on transparent optics, retinal phototransduction, optic pathways, eye movement and cortical interpretation, so symptoms can reflect neurological, vascular, infectious, inflammatory, toxic or systemic disease.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0002-en	How does ciliary-muscle contraction bring near objects into focus?	Contraction reduces zonular tension, which allows the lens to thicken for near vision.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0003-en	How does light change the signal a photoreceptor passes to the retinal network?	Light activates photopigment and hyperpolarises the photoreceptor, which alters its glutamate release to bipolar and ganglion networks.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0004-en	Why do lesions along the visual pathway produce characteristic field defects?	Nasal retinal fibres cross at the chiasm, so the site of a pathway lesion determines which pattern of field loss appears.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0005-en	What does pupillary constriction test, and what does a relative afferent pupillary defect indicate?	It tests the afferent retina and optic nerve together with parasympathetic efferent function; a relative afferent defect indicates asymmetric retinal or optic-nerve dysfunction.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0006-en	How is the flow of aqueous humour related to intraocular pressure?	Aqueous flows from the ciliary body through the pupil to the trabecular meshwork, and resistance to that flow determines intraocular pressure.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0007-en	How does covering either eye help distinguish the causes of diplopia?	Diplopia that persists in one eye alone is monocular and usually optical, whereas binocular diplopia reflects misalignment of the eyes.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0008-en	Why does the medication history ask specifically about steroids and anticholinergic drugs?	Steroids can promote cataract, glaucoma and infection, and anticholinergic dilation of the pupil may precipitate angle closure in susceptible eyes.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0009-en	If reduced acuity improves with a pinhole, what does that suggest?	It suggests refractive blur, because the pinhole corrects an optical problem rather than retinal or neural loss.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0010-en	How should suspected globe penetration or rupture change the examination?	Avoid pressure on the eye, shield rather than patch it, do not measure intraocular pressure, and avoid ultrasound or use it cautiously.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0011-en	What clinical features distinguish conjunctivitis from a corneal ulcer?	Conjunctivitis gives diffuse injection and discharge with preserved vision and little true pain; an ulcer causes pain, photophobia, reduced vision, focal opacity and fluorescein uptake.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0012-en	Why should treatment of anterior uveitis follow ophthalmic diagnosis rather than empirical steroid drops?	Steroid drops can worsen herpetic keratitis, so the cause of the inflamed eye must be established first.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0013-en	What distinguishes scleritis from episcleritis in depth of pain and significance?	Scleritis causes deep severe pain and may reflect systemic vasculitis, whereas episcleritis is more superficial and self-limited.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0014-en	Which findings point to acute angle-closure glaucoma, and what does urgent treatment protect?	Severe pain, headache, blur or halos, nausea, a poorly reactive mid-dilated pupil, corneal haze and raised pressure; rapid pressure lowering and definitive angle treatment protect the optic nerve.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0015-en	In chemical eye injury, what comes before the detailed history, and why is alkali especially dangerous?	Immediate copious irrigation comes first, with pH rechecking and removal of retained particles, because alkali penetrates especially deeply.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0016-en	Why is retinal arterial occlusion managed as a vascular emergency?	It causes sudden painless monocular loss from retinal ischaemia and needs assessment for giant-cell arteritis, an embolic source and stroke risk, with immediate ophthalmology involvement.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0017-en	Why do new flashes and floaters need urgent dilated examination even if posterior vitreous separation is the likely cause?	Vitreous separation mimics retinal detachment and may itself tear the retina, and a macula-on detachment is particularly time-sensitive.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0018-en	What features distinguish optic neuritis from ischaemic optic neuropathy?	Optic neuritis causes subacute loss with pain on eye movement, colour desaturation and an afferent pupillary defect; ischaemic optic neuropathy causes sudden loss, often with disc swelling.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0019-en	Why is high-dose corticosteroid given immediately when giant-cell arteritis is strongly suspected?	Immediate treatment protects the other eye, so biopsy or vascular imaging is arranged without delaying it.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0020-en	Why is open-angle glaucoma often advanced before it is noticed, and is raised pressure required for the diagnosis?	It is usually painless and peripheral loss goes unnoticed until advanced; glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy often, but not always, associated with raised pressure.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0021-en	How do prostaglandin analogues and beta blockers lower intraocular pressure, and what systemic risk do beta blockers carry?	Prostaglandin analogues increase outflow and beta blockers reduce aqueous production, but beta blockers can worsen asthma, bradycardia or heart block.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0022-en	How do geographic atrophy and choroidal neovascularisation differ in age-related macular degeneration, and which responds to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections?	Geographic atrophy causes gradual loss, while neovascularisation causes new distortion or rapid central loss; the injections preserve vision in neovascular disease.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0023-en	Why does established diabetic retinopathy need coordinated monitoring when glucose control improves rapidly?	Although glycaemic control reduces risk, rapid glucose improvement can transiently worsen retinopathy.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending
IMF-055-01-0024-en	Why must amblyopia be detected early in childhood?	Visual development requires clear images and alignment during a sensitive period, and amblyopia from unequal focus, deprivation or strabismus becomes less reversible with age.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 55, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 34c1d79c3e5f71d0a9c458a0a7927c8c909b5790e03b255ecf82a1cafe711727; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::055 module::055-01 review::pending