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IMF-036-01-0001-en	Why does detecting an organism in a sample not by itself establish that it caused the patient's illness?	Exposure does not guarantee colonisation, colonisation does not guarantee disease, and detection does not guarantee causation, so the result must be linked to organism, site, burden, host, timing, syndrome, and test performance.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0002-en	What distinguishes droplets from aerosols in how far they can carry organisms?	Droplets travel only over short distances, whereas aerosols remain suspended in the air and can move with airflow.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0003-en	How do the incubation period and the latent period differ, and why can a person transmit infection without symptoms?	Incubation ends when symptoms begin, whereas latency ends when infectiousness begins, so communicability may precede symptoms or persist after recovery.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0004-en	How can an organism survive after being taken up by a phagocyte?	It may block phagolysosome fusion, escape into the cytosol, resist oxidative killing, or move directly from cell to cell.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0005-en	How do the two components of an A-B toxin divide the work of injuring a cell?	One component binds the target cell and mediates entry, while the other carries out the enzymatic injury.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0006-en	Why do superantigens cause massive cytokine release?	They bypass ordinary antigen specificity and so activate many T cells at once, and that broad activation produces massive cytokine release.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0007-en	How does endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria lead to shock?	Lipid A of outer-membrane lipopolysaccharide activates innate sensors, driving fever, vasodilation, endothelial activation, coagulation, and capillary leak that can culminate in shock.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0008-en	Why is virulence described as relative, and how can host damage arise from both too little and too much defence?	A factor useful in one tissue may be irrelevant elsewhere, and opportunists cause severe disease when host defences change; damage can reflect deficient defence or an excessive, misdirected response.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0009-en	Once complement is triggered by any of its three routes, what does it do to microbes, and what stops it harming host cells?	It opsonises microbes, recruits inflammation, and forms membrane attack complexes, while regulatory proteins protect host surfaces.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0010-en	Which cells do natural killer cells target, and how do they act against them?	They detect stressed or inadequately labelled cells and kill them through granules while producing interferon gamma.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0011-en	How do the protective roles of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A differ?	Immunoglobulin G dominates systemic memory and crosses the placenta, whereas immunoglobulin A protects mucosal surfaces and milk.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0012-en	Why do conjugate vaccines create memory against poorly immunogenic capsules?	Affinity maturation and class switching depend on T-cell help, and conjugate vaccines use that help to create memory against capsules that are otherwise poorly immunogenic.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0013-en	Why can vaccine protection not be summarised as a single yes-or-no outcome?	Vaccines may prevent infection, disease, severe disease, or transmission to different degrees, and protection can wane over time.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0014-en	How do antigenic variation, latency, and intracellular residence each help a microbe evade immunity?	Antigenic variation alters the targets that are recognised, latency hides gene expression, and intracellular residence reduces antibody access.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0015-en	What infections does neutropenia predispose to, and why may they look deceptively mild?	It predisposes to invasive bacterial and fungal disease, and pus formation is muted, so the usual local sign of infection may be scant.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0016-en	What distinguishes the infection risk of terminal complement pathway defects from that of absent splenic function?	Terminal-pathway defects predispose particularly to Neisseria, whereas absent splenic function increases risk from encapsulated organisms.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0017-en	In a patient with secondary immune impairment, why should subtle deterioration prompt action?	Fever may be absent, so the usual alarm signal can be missing, and exposure history and prophylaxis modify the actual risk.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0018-en	Why should a specimen be taken from the involved site rather than a convenient colonised surface?	A colonised surface can yield organisms that are not causing the disease, whereas the involved site answers the diagnostic question; tissue architecture may matter as much as organism recovery.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0019-en	Why can rejecting a poor specimen be safer than processing it?	A poorly collected, labelled, or transported specimen can produce a misleading result, which may be more harmful than having no result.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0020-en	Why does a negative culture not exclude infection?	It may follow antimicrobial treatment, poor sampling, slow growth, intracellular dependence, or incubation under the wrong conditions.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0021-en	How does the site of recovery change the significance of resident flora?	Flora recovered from a sterile site may be significant, whereas the same flora on skin may be expected, so quantitation thresholds for infection are contextual.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0022-en	Why can neither a detected resistance gene nor an absent resistance marker settle susceptibility on its own?	A gene does not guarantee expression, and one absent marker does not prove susceptibility; amplification may also detect colonisation or non-viable material.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0023-en	Why can seroconversion or a rising titre be stronger evidence than a single immunoglobulin M result?	Immunoglobulin M can persist or cross-react, so a change over time is more informative; antibody may also be absent early or with immune deficiency.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending
IMF-036-01-0024-en	A low-pathogenicity skin organism grows in one blood-culture set. What decides whether it is contamination or true infection?	On its own it may be contamination, but an intravascular device or immune impairment raises the pretest probability enough to make it real.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 36, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 0cf2141590ebc966d5940534608ff1aa93f0751733dec61575ff7c6a660f318f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::036 module::036-01 review::pending