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IMF-035-01-0001-en	Why does the distinction between prokaryotic, eukaryotic and viral organisms matter clinically?	Microorganisms differ fundamentally in cellular organisation, replication, metabolism and host dependence, and these differences determine diagnosis, transmission, immune response and therapy.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0002-en	What does the peptidoglycan wall protect bacteria against, and which two clinical properties does it determine?	It prevents osmotic rupture of the cell, and it determines both staining behaviour and antibiotic susceptibility.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0003-en	What structural features distinguish the Gram-negative envelope from the Gram-positive envelope?	Gram-positive bacteria have thick exposed peptidoglycan with teichoic acids, whereas Gram-negative bacteria have a thin wall between inner and outer membranes, with lipopolysaccharide and porins in the outer membrane.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0004-en	Why are mycoplasmas intrinsically resistant to wall-active antimicrobials?	Mycoplasmas lack a cell wall, so drugs that act on the wall have no target to attack.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0005-en	How does a bacterial capsule promote infection?	The capsule impedes phagocytosis, helping the organism avoid clearance, and it supports adherence.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0006-en	Why can a biofilm change how a microbial infection responds to treatment?	It embeds the community in matrix, which alters growth, immune exposure and antimicrobial penetration.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0007-en	Why may bacteria in a patient respond differently to treatment than laboratory cultures suggest?	Slow, dormant, intracellular and biofilm-associated populations respond differently from the rapidly dividing cells of laboratory culture.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0008-en	What distinguishes respiration from fermentation in bacterial energy metabolism?	Respiration uses an electron-transport chain and a terminal acceptor, whereas fermentation regenerates cofactors without any external acceptor.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0009-en	Why should clinical reasoning not rely on bacterial names alone?	Taxonomy changes as genomic relationships become clearer, so a name is an unstable basis for reasoning.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0010-en	How does the typical response to extracellular pyogenic bacteria differ from the immunity needed against intracellular bacteria?	Extracellular pyogenic bacteria often cause neutrophilic inflammation, pus and abscess, whereas intracellular bacteria enter host cells and require stronger cell-mediated immunity.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0011-en	Why must viruses rely on host cells to replicate?	They lack independent ribosomes and energy metabolism, so they must use host machinery.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0012-en	Why do non-enveloped viruses often persist longer on surfaces and through the gut than enveloped viruses?	Enveloped viruses carry a host-derived lipid envelope that is vulnerable to drying, detergents and environmental disruption, which non-enveloped viruses lack.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0013-en	By what means can viral infections persist rather than being cleared, and what triggers reactivation?	Through chronic replication, latency, genomic integration, or infection of immune-privileged or long-lived cells; reactivation follows altered immunity or stress.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0014-en	Why do many RNA viruses vary faster than DNA viruses, and how can segmented viruses create new genome combinations?	RNA polymerases often lack proofreading, allowing rapid variation, and segmented viruses can reassort their genomes during coinfection.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0015-en	Why is selective antifungal therapy difficult, and which fungal features serve as targets?	Fungal and human cells are both eukaryotic, so targets must exploit fungal features: ergosterol, its synthesis, the cell wall, nucleic-acid processes and mitosis.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0016-en	How can the same fungus, such as Candida or Aspergillus, cause very different disease in different hosts?	Disease depends on host immunity: Candida can colonise mucosa yet invade blood and organs in vulnerable hosts, and Aspergillus can cause allergy, chronic cavities or angioinvasive disease.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0017-en	Why does helminth burden usually reflect exposure, and why is Strongyloides an important exception?	Most helminths do not multiply substantially within humans, but Strongyloides can autoinfect and become fatal during immunosuppression.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0018-en	Why may a single negative specimen fail to exclude a parasitic infection?	Diagnosis depends on life cycle and timing, and when shedding is intermittent one specimen can miss the parasite.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0019-en	How do prions propagate disease without conventional nucleic acid?	They template abnormal folding of host protein, producing transmissible spongiform neurodegeneration, and they resist standard inactivation.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0020-en	Does antibiotic exposure create resistance? Explain how resistance increases under treatment.	No; exposure selects resistant organisms that were already generated or newly acquired, because variants that reproduce better in the current environment increase.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0021-en	How do transformation, transduction and conjugation differ as routes of horizontal gene transfer?	Transformation takes up free DNA, transduction transfers DNA through bacteriophages, and conjugation transfers plasmids or chromosomal segments through cell contact.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0022-en	How does quorum sensing let bacteria coordinate virulence?	Secreted signals let bacteria estimate local population density, and this estimate can regulate biofilm formation and virulence.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0023-en	Why does finding dysbiosis not establish that altered microbiota caused a disease?	Dysbiosis describes alteration, not a proven mechanism; associations require control for confounding, and interventions require demonstrated benefit.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending
IMF-035-01-0024-en	Why can nucleic-acid amplification be positive when culture is negative after treatment?	Culture recovers only viable organisms and misses treated pathogens, whereas amplification can detect residual non-viable material.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 35, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e6ab040573528899bde368da2ff78985b7428f6fd8d50b1af5077a402b97b201; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::035 module::035-01 review::pending