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IMF-029-01-0001-en	Why can a small but strategically placed lesion cause disability out of proportion to its size?	Function depends on connectivity as much as on local tissue, so a lesion that disconnects a network disables everything that network supports.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0002-en	Why may poor recall on testing not indicate a failure of memory storage?	Attention failure degrades every cognitive test, so poor recall may reflect information that was never encoded rather than storage loss.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0003-en	How do orbitofrontal, medial frontal, and dorsolateral prefrontal injuries differ in their typical effects?	Orbitofrontal injury causes disinhibition and poor social judgement, medial frontal injury apathy and reduced initiation, and dorsolateral injury impaired planning and flexibility, though real syndromes overlap.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0004-en	What distinguishes neglect from primary sensory loss, and which hemisphere is usually responsible?	Neglect is a failure to attend to one side of space or body that sensory loss does not explain, usually left-sided after right hemispheric injury, often with unawareness of the deficit.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0005-en	How is extinction revealed at the bedside, and what does it show about the deficit?	A contralesional stimulus is perceived when presented alone but missed during bilateral stimulation, showing an attentional failure rather than primary sensory loss.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0006-en	How do non-fluent aphasia and fluent receptive aphasia differ in output and comprehension?	Non-fluent aphasia gives effortful, reduced output with relatively better comprehension; fluent receptive aphasia gives effortless but empty speech with impaired comprehension.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0007-en	Why must dysarthria, apraxia of speech, and dysphonia be distinguished from aphasia and from each other?	Dysarthria impairs motor execution with language intact, apraxia of speech impairs planning of articulatory sequences, and dysphonia affects voice, so each points to a different localisation and therapy.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0008-en	What must be excluded before calling a deficit apraxia or agnosia, and what do both disorders reveal?	Apraxia is not explained by weakness, sensory loss, poor comprehension, or incoordination, and agnosia occurs despite adequate primary sensation; both show association networks turning perception into meaning and action.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0009-en	What is the role of hippocampal circuits in declarative memory, and what is it not?	They are essential for consolidating new declarative memories but are not a permanent warehouse storing all detail.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0010-en	Why is memory fallible even in healthy people?	Retrieval reconstructs information and is shaped by cues, emotion, expectation, and interference, and repeated retrieval can update the trace as well as strengthen access.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0011-en	How do anterograde and retrograde amnesia differ in the information they affect?	Anterograde amnesia impairs forming new memories, while retrograde amnesia affects information from before the injury, often with a temporal gradient.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0012-en	How does frontal dysfunction disturb memory, and why is confabulation not lying?	Frontal dysfunction impairs memory strategies and source monitoring, and confabulation fills memory gaps without any deliberate deception.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0013-en	What do dopamine reward signals encode, beyond pleasure?	They encode the difference between the expected and the obtained outcome, not simply pleasure.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0014-en	Why are brain and mind not competing explanations when psychiatric symptoms appear?	The same symptoms can arise from primary mental illness or from neurological disease, endocrine or metabolic disturbance, drugs, infection, or delirium, so both must be considered.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0015-en	How do the two regulators of sleep interact with light, and why is melatonin not an off switch?	Circadian timing, aligned to light by retinal input to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, combines with homeostatic pressure from wakefulness; melatonin signals biological night rather than switching consciousness off.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0016-en	How does rapid-eye-movement sleep differ from slow-wave sleep, and how are the two distributed across the night?	REM sleep brings cortical activation, vivid dreams, and skeletal-muscle atonia sparing the diaphragm, unlike NREM with reduced sympathetic activity; slow-wave sleep dominates early, REM later.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0017-en	Why do sleep-deprived people tend to underestimate their own impairment?	Subjective adaptation often exceeds objective recovery, so they feel better adjusted while vigilance, reaction time, and judgement remain impaired.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0018-en	Why can insomnia outlast its trigger, and why is cognitive behavioural therapy preferred over routine sedatives?	Perpetuating behaviours and conditioned arousal persist, which the therapy targets; sedatives help only selected short-term situations and risk dependence, falls, cognitive effects, and respiratory worsening.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0019-en	What sequence of events occurs in obstructive sleep apnoea, and why does a lack of sleepiness not exclude it?	Recurrent upper-airway collapse causes intermittent hypoxaemia, pressure swings, and arousal; daytime sleepiness is a common but not required feature, so its absence does not exclude disease.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0020-en	Why does a small unilateral hemispheric lesion not by itself cause coma?	Arousal depends on distributed ascending systems and awareness on bilateral cortical and thalamocortical function, so coma requires bilateral hemispheric dysfunction or injury to the arousal network.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0021-en	How do delirium and dementia differ, and why is hypoactive delirium a particular risk?	Delirium is an acute fluctuating failure of attention caused by physiological disturbance, dementia a chronic acquired decline; they can coexist, and hypoactive delirium is easily missed.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0022-en	What distinguishes a minimally conscious state, unresponsive wakefulness, and locked-in syndrome?	A minimally conscious state shows reproducible but limited awareness, unresponsive wakefulness has eye opening without behavioural evidence of awareness, and locked-in syndrome preserves consciousness but removes most motor output.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0023-en	How is cerebral perfusion preserved on standing, and what can cause orthostatic hypotension when this fails?	Baroreceptors drive vasoconstriction and a faster heart rate, aided by muscle pumping and hormones; failure may reflect volume depletion, drugs, autonomic neuropathy, neurodegeneration, or deconditioning.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending
IMF-029-01-0024-en	Why can bladder distension be dangerous after high spinal cord injury, and what is done first?	It can trigger uncontrolled sympathetic reflexes below the lesion, autonomic dysreflexia, with severe hypertension risking stroke; sit the patient upright, remove triggers, and monitor pressure.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 29, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 5a13838993d7133a86bb7cc4811da0a8af5edde03dd522b0ed5f2e83a65ff25b; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::029 module::029-01 review::pending