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IMF-027-01-0001-en	Why is sensation described as an inference rather than a direct recording of reality?	Because it is constructed from receptor properties, pathways, context, attention, and prior experience, not copied from the stimulus itself.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0002-en	How is the action potential generated and then terminated at the membrane?	Depolarisation reaching threshold opens voltage-gated sodium channels for the upstroke; sodium-channel inactivation and potassium efflux then repolarise the membrane.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0003-en	How do myelin and axon diameter each increase conduction velocity?	Myelin raises membrane resistance and allows saltatory conduction between nodes, and a larger axon diameter also increases conduction velocity.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0004-en	Action-potential amplitude is all-or-none. How, then, is stimulus intensity encoded?	Mainly by firing frequency, the number of neurons recruited, temporal pattern, and distribution across the population, because amplitude itself cannot vary.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0005-en	What distinguishes the information carried by rapidly adapting and slowly adapting receptors during sustained stimulation?	Rapidly adapting receptors emphasise change, whereas slowly adapting receptors keep discharging and so preserve information about stimulus duration.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0006-en	How does presynaptic depolarisation lead to transmitter release at a chemical synapse?	Depolarisation opens presynaptic calcium channels, and the calcium entry triggers vesicle fusion and transmitter release.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0007-en	What distinguishes signalling through ionotropic receptors from signalling through metabotropic receptors?	Ionotropic receptors produce a rapid conductance change, whereas metabotropic receptors produce slower but amplified signalling.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0008-en	How do inhibitory postsynaptic potentials oppose firing?	They stabilise or hyperpolarise the membrane potential, often through chloride or potassium conductance, keeping it away from threshold.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0009-en	Why can a transmitter's effect not be predicted from its name alone?	Because its effect depends on the receptor it binds and the circuit in which that receptor sits.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0010-en	Why is synaptic plasticity described as double-edged?	Activity-dependent strengthening and weakening supports learning and adaptation but also contributes to addiction, chronic pain, epilepsy, and maladaptive recovery.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0011-en	What distinguishes the roles of astrocytes and microglia in the central nervous system?	Astrocytes regulate ions, transmitter clearance, metabolism, blood-flow coupling, and the synaptic environment; microglia survey tissue and take part in inflammation and pruning.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0012-en	How can the nervous system localise a stimulus more finely than any single receptor allows?	Overlapping population codes compare activity across many receptors, while small receptive fields and lateral inhibition further sharpen spatial discrimination.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0013-en	Why do spinal cord lesions produce characteristic modality and side patterns?	Dorsal-column fibres for touch, vibration, and proprioception ascend on the same side and cross in the medulla, whereas anterolateral fibres for pain and temperature cross near spinal entry.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0014-en	Why does sensory ataxia worsen when vision is removed?	Impaired proprioceptive input is partly compensated by vision, so closing the eyes removes that compensation.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0015-en	Why does each optic tract represent the opposite visual field?	Nasal retinal fibres cross at the optic chiasm while temporal fibres remain uncrossed, so each tract carries input from the contralateral field.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0016-en	How can pupillary light responses be preserved in cortical blindness?	Pupillary reflex pathways diverge from the visual pathway before visual cortex, so a cortical lesion can spare them.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0017-en	How does the cochlea separate frequencies, and how do inner and outer hair cells divide the work?	Basilar-membrane mechanics place high frequencies near the base and low near the apex; inner hair cells provide most afferent output, while outer hair cells amplify and sharpen tuning.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0018-en	Why does a unilateral central auditory lesion rarely cause complete deafness in one ear?	Auditory pathways relay bilaterally through brainstem, thalamus, and cortex, so input from each ear reaches both sides.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0019-en	What distinguishes the stimuli detected by the semicircular canals from those detected by the utricle and saccule?	Canals detect angular acceleration through endolymph movement and cupular deflection; utricle and saccule detect linear acceleration and head tilt through weighted otolith membranes.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0020-en	Why is visceral pain diffuse and often referred to a skin site that is not injured?	Visceral input is sparsely represented and converges with somatic pathways, so pain is poorly localised and follows shared spinal segments rather than the actual injury site.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0021-en	What distinguishes the pain carried by A-delta fibres from that carried by C fibres?	Fast myelinated A-delta fibres carry sharp, localised pain; slower unmyelinated C fibres carry burning, aching, and autonomic-affective components.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0022-en	Why do placebo and nocebo effects not imply that a patient's pain is fabricated?	They recruit genuine descending modulation, in which pathways from cortex, hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey, and medulla inhibit or facilitate dorsal-horn transmission.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0023-en	How does central sensitisation differ from peripheral sensitisation?	Peripheral sensitisation lowers nociceptor thresholds; central sensitisation amplifies spinal and supraspinal responses, enlarges receptive fields, and makes normally innocuous input painful.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending
IMF-027-01-0024-en	What distinguishes nociplastic pain from neuropathic pain?	Neuropathic pain results from disease or lesion of the somatosensory system; nociplastic pain reflects altered nociceptive processing without tissue or nerve damage sufficient to explain its severity.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 27, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 19e797b86c685c81d8acf22affa7b1f8d5905be17c8b0246eb1735af7590fe46; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::027 module::027-01 review::pending