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IMF-014-01-0001-en	Which five elements does breathing require?	A neural drive, a functional pump, patent airways, compliant lungs and chest wall, and sufficient endurance.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0002-en	Why must respiratory assessment weigh effort, trajectory and reserve rather than gas values alone?	A patient can compensate with increased work for hours before fatigue causes abrupt deterioration.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0003-en	What is transpulmonary pressure, and what does it achieve?	Alveolar pressure minus pleural pressure, and it keeps the lungs expanded.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0004-en	Which balance determines functional residual capacity?	The chest wall tending outward at lower volumes against inward lung recoil, giving the volume remaining after a normal expiration.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0005-en	Airflow stops at the end of a quiet inspiration. What remains true of the expanded lung?	Flow ceases because alveolar and atmospheric pressures have equalised, yet the expanded lung still requires a distending pressure.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0006-en	Where does the defect lie in pneumothorax, and where in alveolar flooding?	In pneumothorax the defect is outside the alveolus, in the pleural space, whereas fluid within alveoli directly replaces gas at the exchange surface.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0007-en	By what mechanism does tension physiology threaten the circulation?	Progressively rising pressure impairs venous return and compresses cardiopulmonary structures.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0008-en	Emphysema moves lung compliance and elastic recoil in opposite directions. State both changes and the consequence.	It increases lung compliance but reduces elastic recoil, making expiration and airway stability difficult.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0009-en	Which cells produce surfactant, and what four effects does it have?	Type two cells produce it: it lowers surface tension, increases compliance, stabilises differently sized alveoli, and reduces fluid movement into air spaces.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0010-en	Which breathing pattern limits work in stiff lungs, and which in obstructed airways?	Stiff lungs favour rapid shallow breathing to limit elastic work, while obstruction favours slower deeper breathing until dynamic hyperinflation limits that strategy.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0011-en	Through what route does sympathetic beta two stimulation mainly relax airway smooth muscle?	Mainly through circulating catecholamines and medicines rather than dense direct sympathetic innervation.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0012-en	Why does greater effort during forced expiration fail to raise flow proportionally?	Beyond the equal-pressure point pleural pressure exceeds airway pressure and dynamically compresses intrathoracic airways, so effort raises pleural and alveolar pressure together.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0013-en	How does intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure arise, and why does it increase work?	Incomplete expiration traps air so the next breath begins before full exhalation, and inspiratory muscles must first overcome that threshold.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0014-en	Reduced vital capacity with a preserved or high ratio suggests restriction. What is needed to confirm it?	Confirmation of reduced total lung capacity, because residual volume cannot be measured by simple spirometry.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0015-en	A patient shows no bronchodilator response on spirometry. What may not be concluded?	Asthma cannot be excluded, because a response supports variable airflow obstruction but its absence does not exclude the diagnosis.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0016-en	To what do central chemoreceptors mainly respond, and by what mechanism?	Mainly to carbon dioxide through acidity in brain extracellular fluid, since carbon dioxide crosses the blood-brain barrier and forms acid.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0017-en	Which stimuli drive the carotid and aortic bodies, and when does their oxygen response become strong?	Low arterial oxygen, acidity, and carbon dioxide; the oxygen response becomes strong at substantially reduced arterial oxygen pressure.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0018-en	In susceptible chronic hypercapnic disease, why is oxygen controlled and reassessed rather than withheld?	Oxygen must not be withheld from a dangerously hypoxaemic patient, but worsened ventilation-perfusion matching, the Haldane effect, and altered ventilatory drive can raise carbon dioxide.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0019-en	Distinguish type one from type two respiratory failure by gas pattern.	Type one is predominantly hypoxaemic with normal or low carbon dioxide; type two includes hypercapnia from inadequate alveolar ventilation and usually hypoxaemia as well.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0020-en	Carbon dioxide is high but pH is near normal. What does that indicate, and what would indicate acute deterioration?	Near-normal pH can indicate chronic compensation by renal bicarbonate retention, while a falling pH suggests acute deterioration.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0021-en	How does continuous positive airway pressure differ from bilevel support?	Continuous pressure improves oxygenation and recruits lung but adds no direct inspiratory assistance, while bilevel adds pressure during inspiration and can increase tidal volume and reduce carbon dioxide.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0022-en	A wheezing patient becomes quieter on auscultation. Why is that not automatically reassuring?	A reduction in wheeze can mean improvement or critically reduced airflow, so it is read together with effort, consciousness and gas exchange.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0023-en	What happens in obstructive sleep apnoea, and what does it produce?	Repeated pharyngeal collapse despite continued respiratory effort, producing intermittent hypoxaemia, arousal, intrathoracic pressure swings, and sympathetic activation.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending
IMF-014-01-0024-en	In neuromuscular disease, why can oxygen saturation mislead about respiratory deterioration?	Deterioration can occur before saturation falls, so inspiratory pressure, vital capacity, cough strength and gas trends are followed instead.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 14, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: e87e06acb7f3b94dc3c5b3555c4a9ba4c621831c49b5fd12a54052d48054f3d8; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::014 module::014-01 review::pending