#separator:Tab
#html:false
#tags column:5
IMF-008-01-0001-en	Why is the absolute pressure at one point less informative than the gradient between two points?	Flow is driven by a pressure difference and opposed by resistance, so flow follows the gradient rather than any single absolute value.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0002-en	For laminar flow in a cylindrical tube, how does resistance depend on length, viscosity and radius?	It varies directly with length and viscosity and inversely with the fourth power of the radius, which is why small arteriolar diameter changes have large effects.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0003-en	How do vessels arranged in series and vascular beds arranged in parallel each affect total resistance?	Vessels in series add resistance, while parallel beds reduce total resistance and permit independent regional control.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0004-en	Why does blood velocity fall in capillary beds even though each capillary is tiny?	Velocity equals flow divided by total cross-sectional area, and the combined capillary area is enormous, so transit is slow and exchange is supported.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0005-en	A patient has no audible murmur or bruit. Why does that not exclude vascular disease?	Murmurs and bruits arise from turbulence, which needs conditions such as high velocity, large diameter, low viscosity or abrupt narrowing, so disease can be present silently.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0006-en	How is mean arterial pressure approximated from a cuff reading, and why is it not the midpoint of the two values?	Diastolic pressure plus one third of the pulse pressure, because at normal rates mean pressure lies closer to diastolic than to systolic pressure.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0007-en	Which determinants dominate mean arterial pressure, and which dominate pulse pressure?	Mean pressure depends mainly on cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance; pulse pressure depends strongly on stroke volume and arterial compliance.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0008-en	How do ageing and atherosclerosis change the large arteries and the pressure waveform?	They stiffen large arteries, which raises pulse-wave velocity and often widens pulse pressure.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0009-en	What do elastic arteries do with the energy of ventricular ejection?	They store energy during systole and release it during diastole, smoothing intermittent ejection into more continuous peripheral flow.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0010-en	What couples cytosolic calcium to contraction in vascular smooth muscle, and what produces relaxation?	Calcium activates myosin light-chain kinase; relaxation follows reduced calcium or increased myosin light-chain phosphatase activity.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0011-en	What vascular effect does alpha one receptor activation usually have, and how does beta two receptor activation differ?	Alpha one activation commonly constricts, whereas beta two activation can dilate selected beds, particularly in skeletal muscle, depending on circulating hormone concentration and receptor distribution.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0012-en	Which local changes promote vasodilation when tissue activity rises?	Reduced oxygen together with increased carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, potassium, adenosine and other metabolites.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0013-en	What is myogenic autoregulation, and which organs depend on it?	Vascular smooth muscle contracts when stretched and relaxes when pressure falls, which stabilises flow in organs such as the brain and kidney.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0014-en	How does reactive hyperaemia differ from active hyperaemia?	Reactive hyperaemia is the transient increase in flow after an occlusion is released; active hyperaemia accompanies increased tissue metabolism.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0015-en	By what pathway does endothelial nitric oxide relax vascular smooth muscle?	It diffuses to the smooth muscle and raises cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which causes relaxation.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0016-en	What opposing vascular actions do prostacyclin and endothelin have?	Prostacyclin dilates vessels and inhibits platelets, whereas endothelin constricts.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0017-en	What determines the rate of diffusion across the capillary barrier?	It rises with surface area and with the concentration gradient, and falls as the diffusion distance increases.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0018-en	How does the modern interpretation of transcapillary fluid movement differ from the older venous-end reabsorption diagram?	It emphasises the endothelial glycocalyx and holds that sustained reabsorption at the venous end is less extensive than older diagrams imply, with much filtered fluid returning through lymphatics.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0019-en	Oedema develops when filtration exceeds lymphatic return. Which mechanisms produce that imbalance?	Increased venous or capillary pressure, reduced plasma oncotic pressure, increased permeability, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium retention.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0020-en	What determines venous return, and which mechanisms support it?	The pressure gradient toward the right atrium and the resistance to return; sympathetic venoconstriction, skeletal-muscle pumping, respiratory pressure changes and venous valves support it.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0021-en	Why does an unchanged arterial pressure not guarantee unchanged perfusion of the kidney?	The organ must also discharge blood through its vein, so a rise in downstream venous pressure narrows the gradient across the organ and also favours interstitial fluid accumulation.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0022-en	How does the baroreflex answer a rise in arterial pressure, and why is it not the mechanism of long-term control?	Carotid sinus and aortic arch firing increases, parasympathetic activity rises and sympathetic output falls, so rate, contractility, resistance and venous tone fall; the reflex resets during sustained pressure change.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0023-en	Which stimuli promote renin release?	Reduced renal perfusion, sympathetic activation, and reduced sodium delivery to the macula densa.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending
IMF-008-01-0024-en	What does angiotensin two do once it has been formed?	It constricts vessels, stimulates aldosterone, promotes thirst and antidiuretic hormone, and increases renal sodium retention.	Integrated Medical Foundations; chapter 8, TTS module 1; https://theisegoria.github.io/medical-textbook/integrated-medical-foundations-expanded-english.md; module SHA256 at export: 72e29cd7bd3ba911683ba9b4674cb09f700c8d3f5f04a1be915a54af7f9d8d7f; editorial review pending	imf lang::en chapter::008 module::008-01 review::pending