Brain energy
The creatine-phosphocreatine system, cerebral uptake, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and why target engagement is not proof of cognitive improvement.
Research report / 2 September 2026
Creatine, the brain, and cognition.
A critical synthesis of human evidence on neuroenergetics, memory, attention, processing speed, sleep deprivation, aging, depression, neurological disease, dosing, and safety.
Bottom line
13 pages · 22 referencesEvidence covered
Human evidence prioritizedCognitive domains
Memory, reasoning, attention, executive function, processing speed, sleep deprivation, diet, age, and likely sources of heterogeneity.
Health and disease
Depression, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, ALS, traumatic brain injury, deficiency syndromes, kidney evidence, and safety.